Novels of the first half of the 20th century reflected the scientific determinism that dominated American thinking in the late 19th century. Steven Crane, Frank Norris, Edith Warton, and Sinclair Lewis were authors who expressed the view that man is a victim who cannot control life/circumstances. By mid-century the influence of Freud and Jung, Einstein, and chaos theory challenged ideas about what was real. Authors like William Faulkner, Ralph Ellison, Saul Bellow, John Hawkes, Flannery O’Connor and Walker Percy rejected the naturalistic and realistic novels of the nihilists. They expressed that life has value, loving connections are important, and a faith in subjective truth and transcendent reality. They revived poetic symbol and myth rejected by their predecessors.